Ravi Jandhyala
The Jandhyala Institute, Parnassus, Main Street, Great Bourton, Banbury, Oxfordshire, OX171QW, UK
Received 6 September 2011; accepted 1 December 2011
KEYWORDS
Botulinum toxintype A; Aesthetic; Glabellar lines; Cost-effectiveness
Summary Background: It is accepted that the three commercially available type A botulinum
toxins (BoNT-As) are different, their units of potency are not interchangeable and no
fixed dose conversion ratio exists between them. To date, there is no clear evidence demonstrating
the superiority of one toxin over another clinically.
Objective: The study aims to identify evidence confirming the...
Benjamin A. Bassichis, MD, FACS
KEYWORDS
Botox Cosmetic; Botulinum toxin type A; Facial rejuvenation; Facial injection; Minimally invasive procedure; Clostridium botulinum; Botox
From the Advanced Facial Plastic Surgery Center, Dallas, Texas.
The use of Botox for upper facial rhytids and dynamic line applications (most commonly for the treatment of glabelar lines, horizontal forehead lines, and crow’s feet) continues to increase in popularity. This chapter details the use of Botox for the effective treatment of upper facial rhytids. Although Botox injections are not technically challenging, an essential understanding of the...
Jean Carruthers, MD, Alastair Carruthers, MD
TREATMENT OF THE UPPER FACE
Treatment of the upper face with botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) has set a new standard against which all other esthetic procedures are measured. Although the first pub-lished report of BTX application in the face appeared only in 1990, a number of clinicians were already exploring the upper face uses during the late 1980s, enthused by its obvious benefits and safety.1
GLABELLAR RHYTIDES
Four muscles pull the brows together and downward in the inferomedial rotation we call the...